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Types of Pheromones:
Pheromones in Mammals
Human Pheromone
Releaser Pheromone
Primer Pheromone
Pheromones in Insects
Pheromone News
Pheromone attracts straight women and gay men
Sex pheromone spray
boosts senior romance Pheromone Formula Best at Luring Fall
Armyworms
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Alarm Pheromone
Insects and other
living organisms deploy alarm pheromones to warn other members of
the same species. Sometimes such chemical releases are accompanied
by other warning mechanisms. The organism display this behavior when
they notice danger by seeing, hearing, or smelling it or by picking
up alarm pheromones that were sent by other members of the same
species. Some organisms leave alarm pheromones behind when they are
injured, dying, or even dead.
This kind of pheromone
is spread via diffusion through the air. When a cloud of pheromones
is released, its concentration decreases with increasing distance
from the source in the same manner as sound coming from a radio
becomes less loud when you are standing further from it. The
concentration gradient of the released pheromones can be used to
localise the source, which is like finding the radio by heading
towards the sound source. In the case of alarm pheromones this
allows the organism to realise from what direction danger -- or,
more correctly, the danger signal -- lurks. The behavior that is
caused by the pheromones can be tuned to the concrete situation in
this way; it doesn't only tell a butterfly to flee, it also tells
him whereto he should flee.
Using the air for
pheromone spreading has an obvious drawback. The volatile chemicals
are easily caught by the wind. If a butterfly flies with the wind in
its back, this can cause him to pick up the alarm pheromone when he
has already reached the source. At that point in space there is a
good chance he would have noticed the danger anyway. In the water,
where pheromones are used by algae, snails and fish, there is an
analogous distortion. Currents disrupt the chemical signaling and
make pheromones less useful. There is another drawback when
spreading chemicals in the water: the diffusion rate is much slower
there. Although pheromones tend to spread as far in the water as
they do in the air, it takes much more time to do so. Aqueous
organisms are however capable of releasing more pheromone molecules
per second than are land organisms.
While land organisms
have to use volatile compounds for good spreading to occur, in the
water pheromones have to be water soluble. This allows water
organisms to use relatively large molecules, such as proteins, as
pheromones. Some water snails use proteins from their tissue as
alarm pheromones. When injured, these pheromones warn other members
of the same species that there is a good chance danger is near.
Snails who pick up such pheromones turn around or dig themselves in.
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Pheromones
Pheromones: Potential participants in your sex life
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Following Our Noses:
Other animals can communicate volumes through smell. Now it appears
we can too
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Male Courtship Pheromone Identified
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Nailing Down Pheromones in Humans
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Sensual Signals:
Some scientists believe they could be the key to choosing a suitable
lover.
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